About Burkitt Lymphoma

Burkitt lymphoma is a rare but highly aggressive (fast-growing) B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). This disease may affect the jaw, central nervous system, bowel, kidneys, ovaries, or other organs. Burkitt lymphoma may spread to the central nervous system (CNS).

Translocation (a type of rearrangement) of a gene called MYC is a hallmark of Burkitt lymphoma, making this an important finding for diagnosis. In adults, Burkitt lymphoma is often indistinguishable from diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL)–another aggressive B-cell lymphoma. Accurate diagnosis of Burkitt lymphoma is critical because Burkitt lymphoma and DLBCL are treated differently. That is why it is strongly recommended that patients seek an opinion from an expert in lymphoma.

Types of Burkitt Lymphoma

Endemic Burkitt lymphoma

Endemic Burkitt lymphoma originates in Africa. It is the most common type of Burkitt lymphoma and the most common childhood cancer overall. It has an incidence rate of about 50 times higher in equatorial Africa and New Guinea than in the U.S. The most common site of endemic disease is the jaw. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been shown to be linked to the endemic form of Burkitt lymphoma.

Sporadic Burkitt lymphoma

Sporadic Burkitt lymphoma occurs throughout the world. This form, seen in the United States and Western Europe, accounts for less than one percent of B-cell NHLs in adults; however, it accounts for 30 percent of all childhood lymphomas. An abdominal tumor is the most common site of disease occurrence.

Immunodeficiency-related Burkitt lymphoma

Immunodeficiency-related variety of Burkitt lymphoma is most common in people with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). It can also occur in patients who have inherited immune deficiencies or those who take immunosuppressive medications to prevent rejection after an organ transplant.

Symptoms of Burkitt Lymphoma

Burkitt lymphoma is a fast-growing, aggressive type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and symptoms often appear suddenly and progress quickly. The signs may vary depending on where the lymphoma develops in the body, but common symptoms include:

1. Rapidly growing tumor or mass, often in the abdomen
2. Swollen lymph nodes in the neck, armpit, or groin
3. Abdominal pain or swelling
4. Nausea, vomiting, or changes in bowel habits
5. Unexplained weight loss
6. Fever and night sweats
7. Fatigue or weakness
8. Decreased appetite

Because Burkitt lymphoma can advance rapidly, early detection and prompt medical evaluation are critical. If you or a loved one is experiencing these symptoms, speak with a healthcare provider immediately.

Diagnosing Burkitt Lymphoma

Burkitt lymphoma is a fast-growing, aggressive form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that requires prompt and accurate diagnosis to begin immediate treatment. Because symptoms can appear suddenly and progress rapidly, early detection is critical.

Common Diagnostic Steps:

1. Physical exam: to check for swollen lymph nodes, abdominal swelling, or other visible signs
2. Biopsy: a tissue sample from a lymph node or affected area is examined to confirm the presence of Burkitt lymphoma cells
3. Blood tests: to evaluate white blood cell counts, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, and organ function
4. Imaging tests: such as CT, PET, or MRI scans to determine the location and extent of disease
5. Bone marrow biopsy: to check if the lymphoma has spread to the bone marrow
6. Lumbar puncture (spinal tap): may be performed to evaluate central nervous system involvement, especially in children or high-risk cases

Because Burkitt lymphoma grows quickly, healthcare providers often begin treatment immediately after diagnosis or even before all staging tests are complete. An accurate and timely diagnosis from a lymphoma specialist can significantly improve outcomes.

Burkitt Lymphoma Treatment Options

Burkitt lymphoma is treated with intensive chemotherapy regimens and may include targeted therapies. Early treatment is critical. Participation in clinical trials is encouraged for access to emerging therapies and expert care.

Support for Patients & Caregivers

The Lymphoma Research Foundation offers free programs and services to help patients and caregivers navigate every step of the journey:

Lymphoma Support Helpline – Speak with an oncology social worker for one-on-one emotional support and guidance.

Peer Support Program – Be matched with someone who’s been through a similar diagnosis.

Understanding Lymphoma Webinars – Learn from experts about treatment options, living well with lymphoma, and more.

Ask the Doctor Events – Join live Q&A events to get answers to your most pressing questions.

Learn More

To learn more about burkitt lymphoma, download the Burkitt Lymphoma Fact Sheet. Want to talk to someone? For answers to lymphoma-related questions 
and resources, contact our Helpline at (800) 500-9976 or helpline@lymphoma.org.